Biases

Bias

a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating some people unfairly

Anchoring bias

Anchoring bias is the human tendency to rely too much on one piece of information. The anchoring bias occurs when the decision maker forms a skewed perception due to an anchor and fixates on a decision (early closure). This limits the exploring of alternative hypotheses.

Attentional bias

Attentional bias is the tendency of perception to be affected by recurring thoughts. Attentional bias refers to how a person's perception is affected by selective factors in their attention. Attentional biases may explain an individual's failure to consider alternative possibilities when occupied with an existing train of thought. For example, cigarette smokers have been shown to possess an attentional bias for smoking-related cues around them, due to their brain's altered reward sensitivity. Attentional bias has also been associated with clinically relevant symptoms such as anxiety and depression.

Availability bias

Availability bias is the tendency to rely too much on information that is easy to recall. In other words, The availability bias is the (human) tendency to think that examples of things that come readily to mind are more representative than is actually the case. Availability bias can occur when decision makers are unfamiliar with how often a particular outcome happens.

cognitive bias

Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment.

confirmation bias

Confirmation bias, also known as myside bias, is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs.

knowledge-telling bias

According to tutoring literature, less co-constructive behavior was found in interactions in which tutors were asked spontaneously to convey novel content to the learners. In fact, there appeared to be a “knowledge-telling bias” such that tutors told what they knew when asked to act spontaneously

Representativeness bias

Representativeness bias happens when a decision maker perceives the current situation as similar to other cases of a wrong classification. This can be due to a lack of experience in seeing many examples or a lack of focus on salient features.

Tendency to underestimate risk

tendency to underestimate risk

Overconfidence effect

Tendency to overly trust one's own capability to make correct decisions. People tended to overrate their abilities and skills as decision makers.