General moves

Accept-part

An utterance that accepts part of a proposal, request, statement or information request . Implicitly, it rejects another part of the utterance, but we only code what is explicitly accepted. When an utterance does both explicitly, it should be segmented it into two units and labelled accordingly.

  Example (1):
      Something like that

Acknowledge

Acknowledgments are utterances consisting of short phrases such as “ok”, “yes”, “uh-huh”, that signal that the previous utterance was understood without necessarily signaling acceptance. They do not resolve the content of the utterance they address. ”right”, ”alright” and ”ok” are ambiguous. They are commonly only an acknowledge when they are followed by a hint. ”OK” is commonly used after a not totally wrong answer.

-Explainer: ['Have you ever heard of harmony?']
-Explainee: ['Yes.']
-Explainer: ['Okay, so what do you think harmony is?']
-Explainee: ["I think basically it's like, one person has the lower", 'voice and then like, girl usually has the higher voice', 'and then they blend it together.']
-Explainer: ['I like it.', "That's absolutely correct."]
-Explainee: [Okay.] ---> Acknowledge

Action directive

An utterance that requests an action to be performed, i.e., commands, pleas etc.

Example (1):

    -"Please show that..."

Example (2):

-Explainer: [Try look over there and concentrate on his face over there., 'Can you see me waving my hand without turning your eyes?'] --> Action directive
-Explainee: ['No.']
-Explainer: ['Alright, so, at some point,', 'you can probably see it right now?', 'So without moving your eyes, this is kind of hard,', "tell me how many fingers I'm holding up?"]
-Explainee: ['Uh, three?']

Analogy

Analogy is an utterance where a comparison of two otherwise unlike things is made based on resemblance of a particular aspect.

Example:
 -Explainer:["The reason we're not just flying off the earth is", 'because earth has gravity, so if we throw something up,', "it comes back down, so that's why", "when we're walking on the earth,", "we don't fly off the earth because the earth has gravity,", 'and it keeps us down.']
 -Explainee:['Nice.']
 -Explainer:['The main thing about black hole to remember is', "that it's just, like I said, how the earth holds you down,", 'the black hole pulls you in, as well.', 'Now, try and take the ball from me, black hole--']
 -Explainee:['Why do you hold it so tight?']
 -Explainer:[I'm holding it tight to show you, then when you're trying to pull it, a black hole will really hold onto it with its gravity.] ---> Analogy
 -Explainee:['I got it.']

Assert

Assert refers to an utterance where a fact or an opinion is stated confidently. In other words, assert refers to the statements where "The speaker is trying to make the addressee adopt a belief by communicating a claim about the world".

Example (1):
 -Explainer:['So have you ever heard of something called a black hole?']
 -Explainee:['What is a black hole?']
 -Explainer:[Well, it has to do with, a lot with gravity, 'do you know what gravity is?']---> Assert
 -Explainee:['No, not at all.']
 -Explainer:[It's what keeps us on the earth.]---> Assert

Backchannel response

A backchannel response can be verbal, non-verbal, or both. Backchannel responses are often phatic expressions, primarily serving a social or meta-conversational purpose, such as signifying the listener's attention, understanding, or agreement, rather than conveying significant information. Examples of backchanneling in English include such expressions as "yeah", "uh-huh", "hmm", and "right".

Causal antecedent question

A Causal antecedent question requires a long answer. Causal antecedent questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What state or event causally led to an event or state?". An example of causal antecedent question would be: "How did this experiment fail?"

Example (1):

-Explainer:	["So what's your major?"]
-Explainee:	['Chemical engineering.']
-Explainer:	[What made you choose that?] ---> Causal antecedent question
-Explainee:	['Like any freshman,', 'going into chemical engineering,', 'I was like, I like chemistry!', "So I'm gonna go into chemical engineering.", 'But luckily I also like', 'all the math and all the science too.']

Example (2):

-Explainer:	["You're a string theorist, so tell us what kind", 'of string theory you do, what it means', 'to be a string theorist.']
-Explainee:	["One of the things that's key", 'in the whole story of string theory', 'is the piece of it that talks about', 'quantum theories of gravity.', "So I'm very excited about what happens to spacetime,", 'what does it even mean at the quantum level.']
-Explainer:	['Cool, so do you think a lot about extra dimensions', 'in your everyday life?']
-Explainee:	['Uh, yes I do.']
-Explainer:	['And so when you think about extra dimensions,', 'you put them together with brains and different fields', 'wrapping around the extra dimensions and so forth, right?']
-Explainee:	['Yes.']
-Explainer:	['You know, a lot of people, a lot of string theorists,', 'they care a lot about all the different ways', 'in which we could hide the extra dimensions.', 'As someone who cares about cosmology,', 'I wanna start asking why are the extra dimensions', 'small at all?', How did that happen?, 'Is this something you think about yourself?'] ---> Causal antecedent question
-Explainee:	["Yes, well ultimately we'd like to understand", 'the observable universe.', 'If string theory turns out to be the thing', 'that the universe cares about,', "we'd like to know, with all of these possibilities", 'that are in string theory, how do we get the one', 'that looks like the world we live in?']
-Explainer:	['The thing I want to talk about is this paper I wrote', 'with Matt Johnson and Lisa Randall', "where we realize there's another way", 'to compactify extra dimensions spontaneously, dynamically.', 'If you imagine starting with this big piece of paper', "you couldn't wrap up everything,", 'but within some region of space you could make a tube.']
-Explainee:	['Okay.']

Causal consequence question

A Causal consequence question requires a long answer. Causal consequence questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What are the consequences of an event or state?". An example of Causal consequence question would be: "What happens when this level decreases?"

Example (1):

-Explainer: ['So this is C major, yeah?', '(keyboard music)', 'And then this is C minor.', 'So the feelings are different, right?']
-Explainee: ['Yeah, feels like dark and spooky.']
-Explainer: ["[Jacob] Yeah, this one's dark and spooky."]
-Explainee: ['Haunted house.']
-Explainer: [And how does this one make you feel though?]---> Causal consequence question
-Explainee: ['Happy. And joyful.']
-Explainer: ['Yeah, I like that, yeah.']
-Explainee: ['Yeah, yeah.']

Example (2):

-Explainer:	['Yeah.', 'The main thing is that if something falls', "into a black hole, it can never get out, it's--"]
-Explainee:	['What about the earth? What if it rolls into it--] ---> Causal consequence question
-Explainer:	['Oh, if the earth rolls into it?']
-Explainee:	['Yeah.']
-Explainer:	["It would be bad, we wouldn't be able to get out."]

Commit

An utterance with which the speaker commits himself to a future course of action. An utterance that accepts an action directive or open option will typically be a commit. “Okay” can be also a commit. The speaker’s commitment does not depend on the acceptance of the commitment by the hearer, e.g.,as in the case of a promise.

Example (1):
   I do this now.
 
Example (2) :
   I’ll have to check that out

Comparison question

A Comparison question requires a long answer. Comparison questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "How is X similar to Y? How is X different from F?". An example of Comparison question would be: "What is the difference between a t test and an F test?"

-Explainer: [So what's the connection between neutron stars and black holes?] ---> Comparison question
-Explainee: ['So, as I understand it,', "a black hole is sort of like a neutron star's big brother.", "It's more intense, though.", 'If you have so much matter when a star is collapsing', "that it can't hold itself up, it collapses to a black hole,", 'and those are so dense that space-time breaks down', 'in some way or another.']
-Explainer: ['Black holes are so amazing', 'that when the neutron star stops', "and there's something actually there.", "There's material there.", "If it's so heavy it becomes a black hole,", 'so it keeps falling,', 'once the event horizon of the black hole forms,', 'which is the shadow,', "the curve that's so strong that not even light can escape,", 'the material keeps falling.', 'And like you said, maybe space-time breaks down', 'right at the center there, but whatever happens,', "the star's gone, that black hole is empty.", 'So in a weird way black holes are a place and not a thing.']
-Explainee: ['So is there a sensible way to talk', "about what's inside a black hole,", 'or is that, should you think of it', 'as there is no space-time inside?']

Completion

An utterance that shows ”understanding by finishing or adding to the clause that a speaker is in the middle of constructing”

  -Explainer: ['As an engineer of course, I love quantifiable things.', "I like saying here's my 18 millisecond motion to photon,", "here's my angular resolution that I'm improving.", "I'm doing the color-space right.", 'But you can look not too far back where you say we', 'have blu-ray DVDs at this amazing resolution,', 'but more people want to watch Youtube videos', 'at really bad early internet video speeds.', 'Where there are things that if you deliver', 'a value to people then these objective quantities', 'may not be the most important thing.', "And while we're certainly pushing as hard as we can", 'on lots of these things that make the experience better', 'in potentially every way or maybe just for videos', 'or for different things.', "I don't think that its necessary.", "I've commented that I think usually my favorite titles", "on mobile that are fully synthetic are ones that don't", 'even try, they just go and do light-mapped, black-shaded.', 'And I think its a lovely aesthetic.', "I think that you don't wind up fighting all of the aliasing.", "While you get some other titles that, oh we're gonna", 'be high-tech with our specular bump maps with roughness.', "And you've got aliasing everywhere,", "and you can't hold frame rate and its all problematic.", 'While some of these that are clearly very synthetic worlds', 'where its nothing but these cartoony flat-shaded things', 'with lighting, but they look and they feel good.', "And you can buy that you're in that place.", "And you want to know what's around that monolith over there."]
  -Explainee:	['We did a project called Life of Us,', 'which was exactly that mindset.', "We were let's embrace low-poly aesthetic", 'and just simple vertex shading.', 'And we ended up realizing, you can embody', 'these various creatures and transform yourself.', 'And when you do that with co-presence of another creature,', 'another human, it makes for a totally magical journey.', "You don't even think for a second, you actually dismiss", 'the whole idea of photo-realism', 'and embrace that reality for what it is.', 'I think it actually helps put you at ease a little bit.']
  -Explainer:	['The end goal of reality, of course in computer graphics', 'people chase photo-realistic form for a long time.', "And basically, we've achieved it.", "Photo-realism, if you're willing to throw enough discreet", 'path traced rays at things,', 'you can generate photo-realistic views.', 'And we understand the light really well.', 'Of course it still takes a half hour per frame', 'like it always has, or more, to render the different things.', 'So its an understood problem and given infinite computing', 'power we could be doing that in virtual reality.', "However, a point that I've made to people in recent years", "is that, we are running out of More's Law.", "Maybe we'll see some wonderful breakthrough in quantum", 'structures or whatever--']
  -Explainee:	[Or bandwidth, or streaming.]---> completion
 

Concept completion question

A concept completion question is a type of short answer question. concept completion questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "Who? What? What is the referent of a noun argument slot?". An example of concept completion question would be as follows: "Who ran this experiment?"

-Explainer: ["[Donna] So you're a college student?"]
-Explainee: ['Yes.']
-Explainer: ["[Donna] And what's your major?"]---> Concept completion question
-Explainee: ["I'm an engineering physics major with a minor in math.", "I'm in the three, two program for biomedical engineering."]

Continuer

A continuer is a short utterance which plays discourse-structuring roles like indicating that the other speaker should go on talking, such as “uh-huh” and “okay”

Example (1):

-Explainer: ["So today, we're gonna talk about blockchain technology."]
-Explainee: [Okay.] --->Continuer 
-Explainer: ['[Bettina] Have you ever heard of blockchain?']
-Explainee: ['I have.', "Whenever we have a transaction, and let's say", 'I buy something from you, this information gets logged.', 'And it gets verified by a third person or third party.', 'And then if like all this information verified', 'and it all matches, right, the transaction goes through', 'without any intermediary basically, right?', 'It gets stored, and when you make further transactions,', 'this information is ready, embedded.', "It's in the ledger."]

Definition question

A Definition question requires a long answer. Definition questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What does X mean?"

Example (1):

  -What is a t test?----> Definition question

Example (2):

-Explainer: ['So have you ever heard of something called a black hole?']
-Explainee: [What is a black hole?] ----> Definition question
-Explainer: ['Well, it has to do with, a lot with gravity,', 'do you know what gravity is?']
-Explainee: ['No, not at all.']

Disjunctive question

A Disjunctive question requires a short answer. Disjunctive questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "Is a fact true? Did an event occur?Is X or Y the case? Is X,Y,or Z the case?".

Example:

-Is gender or female the variable?----> Disjunctive question

Example:

 -Explainer: ['Black holes are so amazing', 'that when the neutron star stops', "and there's something actually there.", "There's material there.", "If it's so heavy it becomes a black hole,", 'so it keeps falling,', 'once the event horizon of the black hole forms,', 'which is the shadow,', "the curve that's so strong that not even light can escape,", 'the material keeps falling.', 'And like you said, maybe space-time breaks down', 'right at the center there, but whatever happens,', "the star's gone, that black hole is empty.", 'So in a weird way black holes are a place and not a thing.']
-Explainee: [So is there a sensible way to talk about what's inside a black hole or is that, should you think of it, as there is no space-time inside?]. ----> Disjunctive question
-Explainer: ["There isn't a sensible way to talk about it yet,", "and that probably means that's where Einstein's", 'theory of gravity as a curved space-time', 'is beginning to break down,', 'and we need to take the extra step', 'of going to some kind of quantum theory of gravity.', "And we don't have that yet.", "So even though the black hole isn't completely understood,", 'we do know that they form astronomically,', 'that in the universe things like neutron stars form', 'and things like black holes form.', 'The consequences are very much speaking', 'to this curved space-time.', 'So, for instance, if two black holes orbit each other,', "they're like mallets on a drum,", 'and they actually cause space-time to ring,', "and it's very much part of gravitation.", 'The ringing of space-time itself,', 'we call gravitational waves.', 'And this was something Einstein thought about', 'right away in 1950-1960, he was thinking about that.']
 -Explainee: ['Those waves are very exciting for me too', 'because neutron stars orbiting each other', 'also give off gravitational waves', 'and we might be able to get some data', 'about neutron star material from that kind of signal.']

Example:

-Explainer: [Do you know a lot about lasers? Or just about the laser that you use.] ----> Disjunctive question
-Explainee: ['Not a lot, just a little bit.']
-Explainer: ['Okay.', 'So this is about high intensity lasers.', 'Not only how do you make them,', 'but what was really stopping them being made', 'in both cases is non linear optics.', 'We wanna do something that requires', 'a huge photon density application,', "and so that's how come we came up with", 'chirped pulse amplification,', 'so that we could stretch the pulse,', 'safely amplify it, then compress it at the end,', "and then we're ready to do whatever we want at the end.", 'So what do you think the main difference is', 'between the continuous wave laser that you have', 'that runs at 10 watts and a chirped pulse amplifier?']
-Explainee: ['I feel like the continuous laser', 'delivers power at a continuous rate,', 'whereas you want all that power to be delivered', 'in a really, really short time with your amplification.']

Echo Question

Echo Question is defined as “a repetition of a prior utterance. The main function of an echo question is to clarify the form or content of the prior utterance”.

Example(1)
-Explainer: ['How much sleep do you get, typically?']
-Explainee: ['During the summer?', 'Like 10 hours.']
-Explainer: [10 hours?] -->Echo Question

Example(2):
-Explainer: ['Okay.', 'How long are the naps that you take?']
-Explainee: ['Anywhere from between one to six hours.']
-Explainer: [One to six hours? "That's a long nap."] -->Echo Question

Elaborating

This is an assertion by the tutor that fills in missing information that the tutor regards as important, but otherwise might be missed by the student. In essence, information is simply transmitted from the tutor to the learner, as opposed to having the learner generate the information

-Explainer: ["We're gonna talk about blockchain technology.", 'Have you heard of blockchain?']
-Explainee: ["I've heard of the words blockchain,", "but I'm not sure I know what it is."]
-Explainer: ['When we were much smaller societies,', 'you and I could trade in our community pretty easily.', 'As the distance in our trade grew,', 'we ended up inventing institutions, right?', 'If you Uber or you use Airbnb or you use Amazon even,', 'these are just digital marketplaces and platforms', 'that help us facilitate an exchange of value.', 'But today, we actually have a technology', 'that allows us to trade one to one but at scale,', "and it's called blockchain technology.", 'There is some kind of interface for it.', 'You could have an app, or you could use a computer', 'to do it, but instead of there being a company', "in the middle that's helping you make that transaction,", "it's a bunch of software code."]
-Explainee: ['Okay.']
-Explainer: [And so it's being run by all of these different computers that have like a node. So they're all running the same software. and guaranteeing your transactions as they happen.]  --->Elaborating

Enablement question

An Enablement question requires a long answer. Enablement questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What object or resource allows an agent to perform an action?" or "What enables the achievement of X?". An example of Enablement question would be: "What device allows you to measure stress?"

Example question

An Example question requires a long answer. Example questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What is an example label or instance of the category?". An example of Example question would be: "What is an example of a factorial design?"

-Explainer: ['What do you say when something is one dimensional?', What's an example of something that's one dimensional?]---> Example question
-Explainee: ['Hmm, I think one dimensional might be a circle, I guess,', 'or maybe a line.']
-Explainer: ['A line is the perfect example']
-Explainee: ['Yeah, a line.']

Expectational question

An Expectational question requires a long answer. Expectational questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "Why did some expected event not occur?". An example of Expectational question would be: "Why isn't there an interaction?"

Here is an example from "Explain me like I'm five" where the explainee makes a move by putting forward an expectational question:

-Topic: The Turkish lira has been falling in value for some time now. Arguably it was overvalued before, as the country has been importing more than it exports for a couple of decades. 
-Explainer: The link between interest rates and inflation is a bit more complex than that. Higher interest rates Info request bring in foreign investment (or causes local investment to switch from foreign back to local) but if you fail to turn that new investment into additional GDP it will cause further inflation and where the Turkish economy currently is this could lead to hyperinflation - which they're not at yet. So arguably although the interest rate cut has caused significant drop in the value of the Lira it could be much better than having increased interest rates.
-Explainee:Why hasn't near 0% interest done this to the USD? ---> Expectational Question
-Explainer: As one of the other replies says, the relationship between inflation, interest rates and currency value is rather more complex than what I explained in my post. Inflation in the US has been low. Explaining that is a topic in itself, but maybe it'll suffice to say that the economies of Turkey and the US are very different. The United States' institutions, particularly the fed, are trusted to keep the dollar fairly stable in value, and they have the funds and economic strength to achieve this (barring some really big problem). The US dollar also has a special advantage known as "seigniorage" due to its central position in the world economy. I don't know enough about this to say how important it is here though. If inflation rates do rise in the US it's likely there'll be a rise in interest rates. This is occurring in the UK, which also has very low rates, at the moment.

Feature specification question

A Feature specification question requires a short answer. Feature specification questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What qualitative attributes does entity X have?" or "What features does X have?". An example of feature specification question would be: "What are the properties of a bar graph?"

-Explainer: ['And what are you studying?']
-Explainee: ["I'm studying soft matter physics,", 'which involves the physics of squishy stuff.', 'We make microswimmers in the laboratory', 'and we drive them with a laser.']
-Explainer: [And what kind of laser do you use?] ---> Feature specification question
-Explainee: ["We use a 10 watt laser, it's a fiber laser."]

Follow-up Question

Follow-up Question is a question posed by the listener to request for more information and clarification, or express their interest or impression concerning the previous utterance.

Example:
-Explainer: ["That's right.", 'To do machine learning, we use something called algorithms.', 'Have you heard of algorithms before?'] 
-Teen: ['A set of steps or a process', 'carried out to complete something?']
-Explainer: ["That's right."] 
-Teen: ["So do you think that we've been able", 'to teach machines enough', "so that they can do things that even we can't do?", 'And on the opposite side of that,', 'do you think there are things that we can do', 'that a machine might never be able to do?']

Follow-up Statement

Follow-up Statement is an utterance which is stated in connection with the previous utterance in order to continue or add something to the previous utterance. Generally speaking, it can build up on the previous discussion, add a complementary point, express a personal comment or impression, or mention an example relevant to the topic.

Example:
 -Explainer:	['Another origami challenge', 'that comes up with these patterns', "is if we're going to make an aircraft out of this thing", "we're going to need hundreds of yards of folded origami.", "We're not going to do it by hand", 'and this might be the new frontier in origami engineering,', 'which is the design of machines', 'that can fold patterns that have applications.']
 -Explainee:[So you're talking about a machine", 'that is actually folding it into this, 'not just making the creases but actually folding it.] ---> Follow-up Statement
 -Explainer:['Yeah, so what goes in as sheet', 'and what comes out is this, or something this wide.']
 -Explainee:["That's cool, yeah.", 'What do you see as kind of like the next big breakthrough?', 'Is there anything out there on the horizon', "that you're just like, oh wow, this is really exciting?"]

Goal orientation question

A Goal orientation question requires a long answer. Goal orientation questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What are the motives or goals behind an agent's action?". An example of goal orientation question would be: "Why did you put decision latency on the y-axis?"

-Explainer: ["So it's called a scanning tunneling microscope.", 'And not only can you see the atoms,', 'but you can move them around.', 'Atoms are kind of sticky.', 'You can actually build things using this instrument', 'with actual individual atoms.', 'So if I gave you that machine, 'would you want to make something?', 'Would you want to look at something very carefully?']
-Explainee: ['I would want to make a unicorn out of atoms.']
-Explainer: ['You are definitely a second grader! [laughing]', 'My daughter would probably answer the exact same way.', 'A unicorn would be awesome.']
-Explainee: [Why do you study stuff so small?]---> Goal orientation question 
-Explainer: ['I study it because objects that are that small', 'have really interesting properties.', 'They behave completely different than objects that are big.', 'And because of that,', 'we can build really cool things with them.', 'Like really fast computers, for example,', 'or new types of batteries or new types of solar cells.', 'And a lot of nanotechnology', 'is kind of like playing with Legos.', 'You take these small objects', 'and you put them together to build something new.', "Something interesting that no one's built before.", "It's like Legos for scientists."]
-Explainee: ['Cool.']

Gratitude

An utterance that expresses gratitude.

-Explainer: ['[Janna laughs]']
-Explainee: ["It's sort of like there's a description", 'that works pretty well.']
-Explainer: ["Yeah, you don't go to the doctor and say,", "Heisenberg's uncertainty principle caused", 'a series of fluctuations.']
-Explainee: ['Right, would you help me?', "So there's so many open questions.", 'The fact that they are all these fundamental issues', "that we really don't understand.", "But, on the other hand, there's all these moving parts", 'that fit together so neatly.', "There's definitely something that's working here.", 'But ultimately what is gonna emerge from that,', "what structure is lying under it, we just don't know.", 'But I think the fact that there are', 'so many fundamental questions', "that we just don't know the answer to,", "that is an opportunity, that's exciting, it's great."]
-Explainer: [Thanks so much for coming. It's really good to have you here.] -->Gratitude
-Explainee: [Thank you very much, Janna, it was my pleasure.] -->Gratitude

Instrumental/procedural question

An Instrumental/procedural question requires a long answer. Instrumental/procedural questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What instrument or plan allows an agent to accomplish a goal?". An example of Instrumental/procedural question would be: "How do you present the stimulus on each trial?"

-Explainee:	['So how do you do your observations in optical and infrared?'] ---> Instrumental/procedural question
-Explainer:	["So fortunately there's, I'm also doing it", 'from space with the Spitzer Space Telescope, so particularly', 'in the infrared, and my    main interest has been to try and', 'study the environment around the super massive black holes,', 'not as close as where the X-rays are coming from,', "but clearly there's something from the X-ray corona", 'that illuminates the rest of the accretion disk,', "and the dust that's further out.", "And so fundamentally, that's one of the key things", "that I'm trying to use, is trying to see how long,", "once you've got this sort of pulse", "that's generated close to the black hole,", 'it propagates out, and so you can use optical wavelengths', 'to see that the accretion disk lights up', 'in the optical a little bit as it gets heated up', 'from the X-ray, and then later on,', 'the infrared dust, the dust absorbs it,', 'and emits it in the infrared.', 'And so that, I love that, the ability', 'to exchange time for resolution,', 'because these structures are so far away', "that we're never gonna get a telescope big enough", 'where that has the resolution to see the accretion disk,', 'or the dust distribution around--']

Interpretation question

An Interpretation question requires a long answer. Interpretation questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What concept or claim can be inferred from a static or active pattern of data?". An example of interpretation question would be: "What is happening in this graph?"

Judgmental question

A Judgmental question requires a long answer. Judgmental questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What value does the answerer place on an idea or advice?". An example of Judgmental question would be: "What do you think of this operational definition?"

Example (1): In this example the explainer makes judgemental questions as an explanation move.

-Explainer:	[So, what do you think of that?, What do you think of origami?]----> Judgmental questions
-Explainee:	['I think that the people that make them are talented.', "It's hard.", "Seeing the stuff that we've made here,", "I'd bet that they could do rocket ships.", 'Just so much that you can do with them.']
-Explainer:	['Thanks for coming.']
-Explainee:	['Thanks for having me.']

Example (2): This example shows where the explainee makes judgmental questions.

-Explainer: ['Maybe a wiring diagram is not sufficient to understand', 'the brain, and it would be crazy to think that that would be', 'sufficient, actually.']
-Explainee: ['If you limit the connectome to be just the wiring diagram', 'without, you know, more information about myelination', 'or glial cells, all types of environmental features that', 'surround the neurons and axons then you have an incomplete', 'picture, no doubt.']
-Explainer: ['Sometimes when people get, they worry about connectomics,', "I think what they're actually worrying about is that", "it's the end of the that we used to do neuroscience."]
-Explainee: [What do you think about memory?, Do you think that there's ways of resolving what the substrate of human memory is, you know, is it just LTP and LTD?] ----> Judgmental questions
-Explainer: ["I'm not sure if you had a connectome of a human brain,", 'of an adult human, I would be able to read out', 'memories from that.']

Maybe

An utterance with which the speaker ”explicitly states that he cannot give a definite answer at the moment”. Examples: "I’ll have to think about it."

-Explainer: ["We're gonna talk about some science.", 'Do you like science?']
-Explainee: ['Yes, a lot.']
-Explainer: ['Oh, very good.', "You've come to the right place.", "So we're gonna think about physics.", 'Have you heard the word physics before?', 'Do you know what that is?']
-Explainee: ['Yeah, kind of.']
-Explainer: ["What's your idea what physics is?"]
-Explainee: ["Um, I'm not so sure.] --> Maybe

non-lexical backchannel

Non-lexical backchannel is a type of backchannel response. "A non-lexical backchannel is a vocalized sound that has little or no referential meaning but still verbalizes the listener's attention, and that frequently co-occurs with gestures. In English, sounds like uh-huh and hmm serve this role."

Example (1):

-Explainer: ["Do you know what we're gonna talk about today?", "It's called blockchain."]
-Explainee: ["What's blockchain?"]
-Explainer: ["That's a really good question.", "It's actually a way that we can trade.", 'Do you know what trade is?']
-Explainee: [Mmm-hmm, it's when you take turns doing something. It's when you give up most of what you want, right?] --> non-lexical backchannel

Example (2):

-Explainee: ["It's a large scale attempt to understand the wiring map", 'of the brain, essentially.']
-Explainer: ['Yeah, great.']
-Explainee: ["I think that it's definitely needed."]
-Explainer: [Huh.] --> non-lexical backchannel
-Explainee: ['Understanding the anatomy of the brain is definitely', "important but, it doesn't necessarily tell us everything", "about the function, there's some sort of temporal order", 'from neuron to neuron and region to region', 'that we may not be able to pick up.']

Offer

An utterance by which the speaker indicates willingness to commit to an action, if the hearer accepts it

-Explainer:	['Do you know what origami is?']
-Explainee:	['Is that where you fold paper', 'to make different animals, like those?']
-Explainer:	['Yes, in fact it is.', 'Have you ever done any origami before?']
-Explainee:	['Nope.']
-Explainer:	['[Robert] Would you like to give it a try?] ---> Offer
-Explainee:	['Sure.']

Phrasal backchannel

Phrasal backchannel is a type of backchannel response. "Phrasal backchannels most commonly assess or acknowledge a speaker's communication with simple words or phrases (for example, "Really?" or "Wow!" in English). One of the conversational functions of phrasal backchannels is to assess or appraise a previous utterance."

-Example (1):

-Explainer: ['Okay.', "We're going to start with a model", 'that every Japanese person learns in kindergarten,', "it's called a crane, traditional origami design,", "it's over 400 years old.", "So, people have been doing what we're about to do", 'for 400 years.']
-Explainee: [Wow.] ---> Phrasal backchannel
-Explainer: ["Let's fold it in half from corner to corner, unfold it", "and then we'll fold it in half the other direction,", "also corner to corner but we're going to lift it up", "and we're going to hold the fold with both hands.", "We're going to bring these corners together,", 'making a little pocket and then,', 'this is the trickiest part of this whole design,', "so you're going to put your finger underneath the top layer", "and we're going to try to make that layer", 'fold right along the edge.', 'Now you see how the sides kind of want to come in', "as you're doing that?"]
-Explainee: ['Yeah.']
-Explainer: ["It's called a petal fold,", "it's a part of a lot of origami designs", "and it's key to the crane.", "Now we're ready for the magic.", "We're going to hold it in between thumb and forefinger,", 'reach inside,', "grab the skinny point that's between the two layers,", 'which are the wings,', "and I'm going to slide it out so it pokes out at an angle.", "We'll take the two wings, we spread them out to the side", 'and you have made your first origami crane.']
Explainee: [Wow.] ---> Phrasal backchannel

-Example (2):

-Explainer: ["Do you know what we're gonna talk about today?", "It's called blockchain."]
-Explainee: ["What's blockchain?"]
-Explainer: ["That's a really good question.", "It's actually a way that we can trade.", 'Do you know what trade is?']
-Explainee: ["Mmm-hmm, it's when you take turns doing something.", "It's when you give up most of what you want, right?"]
-Explainer: ['When you give up most of what you want?', 'Well, sometimes that definitely happens for sure.', 'What if I told you that this is the kind of technology', 'that I work on that means you could trade', 'with any kid all over the world?']
-Explainee: [Really?] ---> Phrasal backchannel
-Explainer: ['Yeah.']

-Example (3):

-Explainee: ['Connectone?']
-Explainer: ['Connectome.']
-Explainee: ['To be honest, I have no idea.']
-Explainer: ["That's good, that's a great place to start.", 'There are cells in your brain.', 'Those brain cells are connected by wires to each other.', 'Electricity travels down those wires and communicates', 'from one part of the brain to the other part of the brain,', 'and each of those brain cells makes, you know,', "a thousand connections, it's something like", 'a hundred trillion connections.']
-Explainee: [Whoa.] ---> Phrasal backchannel

Quantification question

A Quantification question requires a short answer. Quantification questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "What qualitative attributes does entity X have? What is the value of a quantitative variable? How many?"

Example (1):

-"How many degrees of freedom are on this variable?" 

Example (2):

-Explainer: [Try look over there and concentrate on his face over there., 'Can you see me waving my hand without turning your eyes?']
-Explainee: ['No.']
-Explainer: ['Alright, so, at some point,', 'you can probably see it right now?', 'So without moving your eyes, this is kind of hard,', "tell me how many fingers I'm holding up?] ---> Quantification question
-Explainee: ['Uh, three?']

Reassert

The same as assert, but the speaker thinks that the claim has already been made, and indicates it.

Example:

-Explainee: Why hasn't near 0% interest done this to the USD?
-Explainer: (Reassert)[As already mentioned, the relationship between inflation, interest rates and currency value is very complex. Inflation in the US has been low. Explaining that is a topic in itself, but maybe it'll suffice to say that the economies of Turkey and the US are very different. The United States' institutions, particularly the fed, are trusted to keep the dollar fairly stable in value, and they have the funds and economic strength to achieve this (barring some really big problem). The US dollar also has a special advantage known as "seigniorage" due to its central position in the world economy. I don't know enough about this to say how important it is here though. If inflation rates do rise in the US it's likely there'll be a rise in interest rates. This is occurring in the UK, which also has very low rates, at the moment.]

Reject

An utterance that rejects a proposal, request, statement or information request. It says nothing positive about the antecedent (possibly indicating error). It can be implicit or contain ”no” or “not”.

The following statements indicate reject moves:

-That's not a statement.
-One cannot conclude that.
-That is not the way to go.
-What you answered is not clear.
-This is not a complete statement.
-This is incomplete or not entirely correct.
-This is not a complete expression.
-You did not apply the rule correctly.

Reject-part

An utterance that rejects partly a proposal, request, statement or information request. It implicitly accepts another part of the utterance, but we only code what is explicitly rejected.

Example (1):

-That is not entirely correct.

Rephrasing

Rephrasing is an explanation move where the explanandum is phrased or expressed in a different way especially to make the meaning clearer

Request/Directive question

Request/Directive questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "The speaker wants the listener to perform an action". An example of Request/Directive question would be: "Would you add those numbers together?"

Example (1):

-Explainee: ["I'm in my first year of a PhD in Computer Science", "and I'm studying natural language processing", 'and machine learning.']
-Explainer: [So would you mind telling me a bit about what you've been working on or interested in lately?] ---> Request/Directive question
-Explainee: ["I've been looking at understanding persuasion", 'in online text and the ways that we might be able to', 'automatically detect the intent behind that persuasion', "or who it's targeted at", 'and what makes effective persuasive techniques.']

Example (2):

-Explainer: ['I think that people forget that you can work', 'with the notes you already have by just rearranging them,', 'just the simple idea of inversion,', 'inversion of the simple triad, of F major.', "♪I once was lost and now I'm found ♪", '♪ Was blind ♪', '♪ But now I see ♪', Now how home do I want to go here, you know?', 'Is there another verse to come?']
-Explainee: ['Right.']
-Explainer: ['Because I can delay the gratification of going home.', 'First of all, just by using inversions,', 'even before we add the notes to the chord.', 'One thing that I was very joyful to discover', 'is that every single melody note', 'works with every single base note.']
-Explainee: [Would you care to demonstrate that?] ---> Request/Directive question
-Explainer: ['Yeah. so this is the note F.']
-Explainee: ['Yeah.']

Satisfaction

An utterance which expresses a positive emotion.

Example (1):

-Explainer: ['Have you ever traded or sold anything?']
-Explainee: ["Actually, I'm selling my computer on eBay right now."]
-Explainer: ["That's amazing.", 'What made you decide to trade on eBay?']
-Explainee: ["Well, I mean, I've heard of it,", 'and I trust it a lot because they have', "all of their guarantees, so I know that I'm gonna", "get money and the person's gonna get what they want."]
-Explainer: ['So what if I told you that blockchain technology', 'is basically a tool where you can do the exact same thing,', 'but it goes to you and I directly?', "You wouldn't need an eBay or a brand in between."]
-Explainee: [That's cool.] ---> Satisfaction

Signal understanding

An utterance which signals understanding. .

-Example (1):

-Explainer:["And it's almost exactly like the space story.", "The space story says there's a distance,", 'distance is different along different curves.', "Einstein says there's something that measures", 'the length of these curves,', 'and we call it the proper time.', 'It is literally the time that you would read', 'on your wristwatch.']
-Explainee:	["So it's kind of like our fundamental time?", 'Or our base time?']
-Explainer:['Well kind of.', "What Einstein wants to get across is there's no such thing", "as fundamental, like there's the universe's time,", 'this big letter T that might tell you how old', 'the universe is, but then every individual', 'has a clock with them, and they measure their own time', "depending on how they're moving through the universe."]
-Explainee:	['I see.']---> Signal understanding

Signal partial understanding

An utterance which signals partial understanding.

-Explainer:["We're gonna talk about some science.", 'Do you like science?']
-Explainee: ['Yes, a lot.']
-Explainer: ['Oh, very good.', "You've come to the right place.", "So we're gonna think about physics.", 'Have you heard the word physics before?', 'Do you know what that is?']
-Explainee: ['Yeah, kind of.'] ---> Signal Partial Understanding

Signal non-understanding

An utterance that signals that the speaker has not understood the previous utterance, i.e., did not hear it or could not make sense of it. Instances for that move are “I don’t understand” and variants like “What did you say?”.

Example (1): The following statements signals non-understanding:
  -I don't understand your question
  -What do you mean by that?
  -What do you mean?

Example (2): Below is a part of an explanation dialogue between an explainer and an explainee, where the Signal non-understanding move has been highlighted.
  Explainer:	['Well, it has to do with, a lot with gravity,', 'do you know what gravity is?']
  Explainee:	['No, not at all.']
  Explainer:	["It's what keeps us on the earth."]
  Explainee:	[What?] ---> Signal non-understanding
  Explainer:	["The reason we're not just flying off the earth is", 'because earth has gravity, so if we throw something up,', "it comes back down, so that's why", "when we're walking on the earth,", "we don't fly off the earth because the earth has gravity,", 'and it keeps us down.']

Substantive backchannel

Substantive backchannel is a type of backchannel response. Substantive backchannels consist of more substantial turn-taking by the listener and usually manifest as asking for clarification or repetitions. More substantive backchannels such as "oh come on, are you serious?" require a context where the speaker is responding to something exasperating or frustrating.

summarising

summarizing could be considered as a scaffolding strategy where the tutor supplies a summary or recap of the answer. There is however an idea that "unskilled tutors normally give a summary that recaps an answer to a question or solution to a problem. This summary serves the function of succinctly codifying a lengthy, multiturn, collaborative exchange when a question is answered or problem is solved. A skilled tutor might encourage the student to construct the summary instead of the tutor supplying one. This would promote a more active construction of knowledge on the part of the student, an activity that is known to facilitate learning.

Example (1):

-Explainer: ['So you are already a PhD student, you know a lot about gravity, but what do you think you've taken away from this conversation?']
-Explainee: [Well, I've definitely taken away that the way that we think about gravity today is very different from how Newton thought about it, and that even though we have a very good understanding, "there's lots of things that we don't fully understand. There's still a lot of questions to be answered, which I think is really exciting.] ---> summarising
-Explainer: [ See, you're a scientist. [laughs], Isn't the best part being able to ask the questions?]
-Explainee: [ Oh yeah.] 

Tentative Response

Tentative Response is an utterance that is normally uttered in response to a question. This type of response is not stated confidently. And it evidently displays a degree of uncertainty.

• The difference between assert and tentative response: Assert is when we state a fact or an opinion confidently while tentative response refers to occasions that we state a fact or an opinion without confidence.

Example (1):

 -Explainer: ['And how would you find yourself,', 'like if someone said where are you,', 'could you use some words or ideas', 'to say where you are on that line?']
 -Explainee: ['I think I would be maybe there,', "since I'm facing it."]

Verification question

A verification question requires the answer “yes” or “no”. Verification questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "Is a fact true? Did an event occur?". An example of verification question would be as follows: "Is the answer 5?" Please also compare verification question with the concept of backchannel questions introduced in

Example (1):

-Explainer: "Do you know what we're gonna talk about today?","It's called blockchain."
-Explainee: "What's blockchain?"
-Explainer: "That's a really good question.","It's actually a way that we can trade.","Do you know what trade is?"
-Explainee:  Mmm-hmm, it's when you take turns doing something.",  It's when you give up most of what you want, right? ---> Verification Question

Example (2):

-Explainer: [Have you ever heard of harmony?] ---> Verification Question
-Explainee: ['Yes.']
-Explainer: ['Okay, so what do you think harmony is?']
-Explainee: ["I think basically it's like, one person has the lower", 'voice and then like, girl usually has the higher voice', 'and then they blend it together.']

Understanding query

An utterance that asks “the listener whether they understood, rather than making them prove it. It takes a “yes” or “no” as an answer

Difference to diagnostic query: the tutor does not know the answer. The realisation of the two can be the same (”Do you understand?”), but the obligations that they pose are different: diagnostic queries require more than ”yes” or ”no” as an answer.

Example (1):

-Do you now understand how this relates to the implication?